Employees or Independent Contractor-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Give Veronica legitimate guidance corresponding to the circumstances. 2.Advise Mary with respect to her legitimate position, refering to pertinent statuteand Case Law. Answers: 1.Issue: The issues that would emerge in the given case dependent on the realities of the case are: Regardless of whether there is a vicarious obligation on Veronica for the demonstration of Sylvester? Regardless of whether there is a vicarious obligation on Veronica for the demonstration of Bob? Rules of Law: To address the inquiry whether there was a risk that existed we need to see whether the Sylvester and Bob were representatives or self employed entity (Difference among workers and temporary workers, 2017). On account of Performing Right Society Ltd v Mitchell and Booker (Palais de Danse) Ltd the obligation of the litigant relied upon if the connection between the gatherings was that of individual agreement or boss and representative (Performing Right Society Ltd v Mitchell and Booker (Palais de Danse) Ltd, 1924). The composed agreement between the gatherings had normal long stretches of work, fixed business period, the work environment was directed, administration requests restrictiveness, rundown excusal directly for penetrate of guidance, there was predominant, nitty gritty and persistent control on every single point. These components prompted the choice that the band was a worker (Burnett, 2007). The pressure was laid fair and square of control that was set or the control test f or deciding whether the band was a worker be that as it may, there were different factors too that were thought of. On account of Zuijs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd (1955) the variables which were considered by the High Court for characterizing the connection among Zuijs and carnival was that the compensation was given in wage structure, outline excusal should be possible dependent on wrongdoing, in spite of the fact that there was no immediate control that the bazaar had over the exhibition of Zuijs act since they didn't have the necessary aptitude there was headings given for different viewpoints (Zuijs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd, 1955). These elements were considered to add up to business, it was contemplated by High Court that however the presentation of obligations relied upon extraordinary information or expertise or the demonstration of the worker perhaps with the end goal that there is no place for order that existed, this in any case, was not the point what made a difference was the legi timate expert for directing thus far as there is degree to do likewise. This case is the expert for the rule that it isn't the real control however the option to control which is fundamental. To respond to the subject of risk we need to glance through the idea of vicarious obligation, there is vicarious risk on the business for the demonstration of the worker or any oversight if the equivalent is finished throughout his business. As opined on account of Llyod v Grace Smith the general standard for risk is that the business is at risk for the extortion and untrustworthy direct or exclusion of the worker if such a demonstration was done inside the representative course of business (Llyod v Grace Smith, 1912). On account of New South Wales v Lepore (Thomson, 2012) it was opined by Gleeson CJ that (New South Wales v Lepore, 2003): Not everything that a representative accomplishes at work, or during working hours, is adequately associated with the obligations and duties of the worker to be viewed as inside the extent of the business. What's more, the way that bad behavior happens away from the work environment, or outside ordinary working hours, isn't indisputable against risk. On account of Ffrench v Sestili a valuable investigation of this test has been made where the representative had abused the assets throughout his work (Ffrench v Sestili, 2007). The Full Court Supreme Courts choice, Debelle HJ in simultaneousness with Layton HJ and Sulan HJ contained a valuable refining of the standards from the case law regarding the vicarious risk principle. There were two recommendations that were refered to by Debelle which were important, first the way that it was purposefully that the representative had occupied with a lead that was criminal or other break of law may not be adequate for denying vicarious obligation and second the way that such direct which was locked in by the worker was in opposition to the guidelines that the business had given was not adequate for denying the vicarious risk. As for individual obligation in a business structure of a sole dealer there is close to home risk on the proprietor of the business structure regarding each part of the business (Sole merchant, 2017). There is an individual risk for all parts of the business which incorporates a business liabilities or obligations. There can't be any sharing of this obligations. For all parts of maintaining the business there is an individual obligation (Adams, 2015 p. 78). Use of Law Veronica and Sylvester, there will be an individual obligation on Veronica for the demonstrations of Sylvester. It tends to be seen as on account of As saw on account of Performing Right Society Ltd v Mitchell and Booker (Palais de Danse) Ltd applying the control test and Zuijs v Wirth Bros Pty Ltd that however the presentation of obligations relied upon extraordinary information or expertise or the demonstration of the representative possibly with the end goal that there is no place for order that existed, this notwithstanding, was not the point what made a difference was the legal expert for directing thus far as there is extension to do a similar along these lines Sylvester is a worker and not an individual contractual worker. There will be a vicarious obligation on Veronica for the demonstration Sylvester as opined on account of Llyod v Grace Smith since it was in his extent of work. Further as on account of New South Wales v Lepore it doesn't make a difference on the off chance that it was not in the working environment that the demonstration happened. Further on account of Ffrench v Sestili the obligation would not be expelled simply because the demonstration was not in circle of work or the way that it was not taught by the representative. Accordingly being a sole dealer she will be by and by at risk for the demonstration of Sylvester. Veronica and Bob, albeit like Sylvester Bob is was likewise a representative anyway he had been terminated by Veronica accordingly according to the Llyod v Grace the demonstration was not inside the course of his work as he was not, at this point the worker of Veronica End Veronica being a sole merchant and boss would be vicariously subject for the demonstration of Sylvester however not for the demonstration Bob. 2.Issues The issue is in the given circumstance that: Regardless of whether there is an installment obligation on the organization for the installment to Mary for the acquisition of reviewing instruments? Regardless of whether there is installment obligation on the organization for the installment to Mary for the acquisition of small scale oil drillers? Rules of Law For replying of issue as for the presence of installment obligation it is basic to under the idea of exchange which there between the gatherings. The area 5 of the Partnership Act (Cth,) states that the accomplices of a firm are its operators and they are likewise for the reasons for completing the business different accomplices specialists, this business is required to be in the ususal way, and it is a part accomplice who has embraced such a demonstration, at that point all things considered the accomplices and the firm will be limited by such a demonstration. Except if, a proof is there for the way that there was no position that the accomplice who was following up for the sake of the firm had for acting in such way and the person with whom the exchange was made was either mindful of it or if not mindful didn't accept that there was such power that existed. There exists between the organizations accomplices a trustee relationship, there is an obligation that an accomplice owes towards different firms accomplices when he is activity for the benefit of the firm as its specialist and their exists an obligation comparably for the accomplices which they owe towards the accomplices who is following up in the interest of the firm as was opined on account of (Phillips-Higgins v Harper, 1954). For the firm to be held subject for a demonstration which is finished by one of its accomplices with no expert for doing such a demonstration in the way that it has been done it is required that there ought to be four prerequisites that should be consented to as referenced beneath (Fletcher, 2007, p 110): First: The exchange ought to be entered by an accomplice. Second: It is inside the businesss scope that the exchange or act ought to be finished. Third: It must be inside the typical way that it is affected. Fourth Requirement: Essential that the executing party is ignorant of the way that the accomplice executing has not authority or accepts or realizes that such authority is isn't there. On account of National Banking Corporation of Australia Ltd. v Batty it was opined by the High Court that the rest of the accomplices would in any case be held subject for a demonstration regardless of whether it had been finished by the accomplice without the accomplice having any genuine authority of doing such a demonstration (National Banking Corporation of Australia Ltd. v Batty, 1986). Further on account of Watteau v. Fenwick (Watteau v. Fenwick, 1893) it was opined by the court that the tenet of head and operator will apply once it has been set up that the chief is the respondent. The risk of the considerable number of demonstrations of the specialist will be with the head. For an exchange which has been gone into by the accomplice of the firm, there may exist an obligation on the firm for such exchange despite the fact that the exchange has not been gone into by the firm. The case is so when the exchange which has been gone into by the firm is for the most part in a similar industry (Mercantile Credit Co Ltd v Garrod, 1962). In spite of the fact that, on account of Goldberg v Jenkins (1889) 15 VLR 36 (Goldberg v Jenkins, 1889) it was opined that in the circumstance wherein the exchange made is past the typical method of the firm then all things considered the firm can't be bound to such exchange Use of Law There is an agreement of offer and buy that had been entered among Mary and Smith for looking over provisions and small scale oil driller. The agreement for t

The link between the number of carbon atoms in a fuel with the amount of energy it releases :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The connection between the quantity of carbon molecules in a fuel with the measure of vitality it discharges Alcohols for the most part have a place with exacerbates whose atoms depend on chains of carbon molecules. They normally contain one oxygen molecule, which is joined to a carbon molecule by a solitary bond. This makes them extraordinary to different mixes. The oxygen iota is joined to the hydrogen particle as well as the carbon molecule, which makes the oxygen a piece of a hydroxyl gathering. These iotas are commonly a piece of a hydrocarbon chain. These alcohols can remove water from the body, in which a hydrocarbon chain has supplanted a hydrogen iota. Alcohols have a general structure of CnH2n+1OH The point of this examination is to see the connection between the numbers of carbon molecule in a fuel with the measure of vitality it discharges. There would be an adjustment in the measure of vitality emitted that is getting more prominent, the more carbon iotas in the fuel, the more there are more bonds to be broken and framed, in this manner creating more vitality. ‘In a concoction response, bonds in the reactant atom are broken and new ones are framed. Molecules are revised. Vitality must be placed in to break bonds, and vitality is given out when bonds are formed.’ When the all out vitality put in is more prominent than the vitality put out, the substance chills off (it is endothermic). This is communicated as Þ† +ve (delta positive). On the off chance that the complete vitality put in is not exactly the vitality made, at that point the substance heats up (it is exothermic). This is communicated as Þ† - ve (delta negative). I will explore eight unique alcohols utilizing a liquor or soul burner, to gauge the vitality change during consuming them by estimating the adjustment in temperature of some water held by a holder. This holder must have an estimation of explicit warmth limit so I could figure heat moved to it also. Presumably the most conductive holder accessible for use in the study hall is a calorimeter. Too as not squandering vitality in the warming of the compartment, I could likewise attempt to prevent heat from getting away from the top and edges of the holder by covering it with a fitting top. I will attempt to keep the breeze from blowing the blazes to an alternate bearing so all the windows must be close. Speculation More vitality is discharged as more bonds are shaped, beneath is the rundown of estimated vitality required to break and structure all bond associated with consuming alcohols Kind OF BOND ENERGY REQUIRED TO BREAK THE BOND (j)

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Kids

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Kids PTSD Treatment Print Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Kids By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 22, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children izusek / Getty Images Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed for children suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, primarily from the experience of sexual abuse. The consequences of being exposed to a traumatic event, including PTSD, are more commonly studied among adults; however, traumatic exposure and symptoms of PTSD can also occur in children, showing the need for therapy for children with PTSD.? Studies have found that a large number of children are exposed to traumatic events before the age of 16. Although the types of traumatic events children are exposed to and the effect they have on a childs well-being vary, one traumatic event that has a high likelihood of leading to mental health problems among children is the ?experience of sexual abuse. Effects of Childhood Trauma Treating PTSD in Children When children are experiencing PTSD symptoms, what kind of treatment is best? There are a number of effective treatments for PTSD in adults. However, these treatments may not be as helpful for children. Children may have a lower awareness of emotions than adults and may struggle to effectively express certain emotions. Children may also have a poorer understanding of their symptoms or why they are experiencing the symptoms they have. Finally, some of the concepts in common treatments for PTSD in adults may be too difficult for children to grasp. Given this, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed. An Overview of TF-CBT TF-CBT is considered a cognitive-behavioral treatment. That is, it largely addresses PTSD symptoms by targeting maladaptive and unhealthy thoughts and behaviors that a victim of sexual abuse might experience. For example, TF-CBT may help children modify inaccurate beliefs that lead to unhealthy behaviors, such as beliefs that they are to blame for the abuse. It also identifies unhealthy patterns of behaviors (for example, acting out or isolating) or fear responses to certain stimuli and attempts to modify these by identifying healthier ways of responding to certain stimuli or in particular situations. TF-CBT is also unique in that it incorporates an intervention for parents or caregivers who were not involved in the abuse. Children and parents each participate in therapy; first separately and then in joint sessions. Parents learn stress management techniques, healthy parenting techniques, and how to better communicate with their child. TF-CBT recognizes that the support of the parent or caregiver is very important to the childs recovery. It also recognizes that parents may experience considerable distress as a result of their childs sexual abuse, and this distress needs to be addressed so it doesnt interfere with parenting. How Does TF-CBT Address PTSD Symptoms? TF-CBT is considered short-term treatment. It generally lasts about 12 to 18 sessions and each session may last 60 to 90 minutes. TF-CBT addresses PTSD symptoms by taking children and parents/caregivers through the following components: Psychoeducation and parenting skills. Therapists provide children and parents with information on sexual abuse and the types of symptoms that may come up in response to this kind of traumatic event. Parents are taught ways to effectively manage behavioral problems, as well as how to better communicate with their child.Relaxation. Children are taught ways to manage their anxiety through relaxation.Emotional expression and regulation. The therapist assists the child and parents in how to manage emotions related to the abuse in a healthy and effective way. For example, children are taught how to identify and express their emotions, as well as engage in self-soothing exercises when experiencing intense emotions.Coping with thoughts. Children are assisted in identifying maladaptive thoughts about sexual abuse (for example, self-blame) and how to work through these thoughts.Creation of a trauma narrative. Children are taken through exposure exercises, such as talking about the event or wri ting about the event. Children may also create a symbolic representation of the event through drawing or play.In vivo exposure. The therapist gradually exposes the child to trauma reminders so that the child learns how to effectively manage their fear response, as well as reduce avoidance behaviors.Joint parent-child sessions. The parent and child work together to improve communication and learn how to discuss the abuse in a healthy and therapeutic manner.Staying safe and maintaining recovery. The therapist provides the child and parents with information on how to be safe in future situations, so as to avoid future abuse. Information on how to maintain and continue with the recovery process is also discussed. Is TF-CBT Effective? Overall, studies have found that TF-CBT is effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD, as well as other problems (for example, depression, behavioral problems, shame) among children exposed to sexual abuse. In addition, TF-CBT appears to be more effective than other types of treatment approaches that may be used with children with a history of sexual abuse, such as supportive therapy or play therapy. In addition, gains made in TF-CBT have been found to be maintained up to two years following the end of therapy. TF-CBT also appears to help parents and caregivers who were not involved in the childs abuse. Parents report lower levels of depression, distress about the abuse, and symptoms of PTSD. It has also been found that TF-CBT increases parents ability to support their child.? Finding a Therapist Who Provides TF-CBT If you are interested in learning more about TF-CBT, you can visit the website of the Medical University of South Carolina National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center. Information on TF-CBT is also provided on the website of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. To find a therapist who provides TF-CBT, you would first want to find a therapist who specializes and has experience in the treatment of children with trauma. You may be able to find such a therapist through websites that are designed to connect you with treatment providers in your area. In addition to providing resources for families who have a child that is dealing with the consequences of sexual abuse, the Sidran Institute also provides information on therapists who may specialize in the treatment of children who are victims of sexual abuse.

A Biography of Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander

As a leading civil rights, political, and legal advocate for African-Americans and women, Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander is considered to be a fighter for social justice. When Alexander was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1947, she was described as: â€Å"[...] [A]n active worker for civil rights, she has been a steady and forceful advocate on the national, state, and municipal scene, reminding people everywhere that freedoms are won not only by idealism but by persistence and will over a long time[†¦]† Some of her greatest achievements where: 1921: First African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in the United States.1921: First African-American to receive a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania.1927: First African-American woman to enroll and earn a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania.1943: First woman to hold a national office in the National Bar Association. Alexanders Family Legacy Alexander came from a family with a rich legacy. Her maternal grandfather, Benjamin Tucker Tanner was appointed the bishop of the African Method Episcopal Church. Her aunt, Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson was the first African-American woman to receive a license to practice medicine in Alabama. And her uncle was internationally acclaimed artist Henry Ossawa Tanner. Her father, Aaron Albert Mossell, was the first African-American to graduate from  the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1888. Her uncle, Nathan Francis Mossell, was the first African-American physician to graduate from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School and co-founded the Frederick Douglass Hospital in 1895. Early Life and Education Born in Philadelphia in 1898, as Sarah Tanner Mossell, she would be called Sadie throughout her life. Throughout her childhood, Alexander would live between Philadelphia and Washington D.C. with her mother and older siblings. In 1915, she graduated from the M Street School and attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Education. Alexander graduated with a bachelors degree in 1918 and the following year, Alexander received her masters degree in economics. Awarded the Francis Sergeant Pepper fellowship, Alexander went on to become the first African- American woman to receive a Ph.D. in the United States. Of this experience, Alexander said â€Å"I can well remember marching down Broad Street from Mercantile Hall to the Academy of Music where there were photographers from all over the world taking my picture.† After receiving her Ph.D. in economics from University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School of Business, Alexander accepted a position with the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company where she worked for two years before returning to Philadelphia to marry Raymond Alexander in 1923. The First Female African-American Lawyer Soon after marrying Raymond Alexander, she enrolled in the University of Pennsylvanias Law School where she became a very active student, working as a contributing writer and associate editor on the University of Pennsylvania Law Review. In 1927, Alexander graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Law and later became the first African-American woman to pass and be admitted to the Pennsylvania State Bar. For thirty-two years, Alexander worked with her husband, specializing in family and estate law. In addition to practicing law, Alexander was served as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia from 1928 to 1930 and again from 1934 to 1938. Trumans Committee of Human Rights The Alexanders were active participants in the Civil Rights Movement and practiced civil rights law as well. While her husband served on the city council, Alexander was appointed to President Harry Trumans Committee of Human Rights in 1947. In this position, Alexander helped to develop the concept of a national civil rights policy when she co-authored the report, To Secure These Rights. In the report, Alexander argues that Americans—regardless of gender or race—should be granted the opportunity to improve themselves and in doing so, strengthen the United States. Later, Alexander served on the Commission on Human Relations of the City of Philadelphia from 1952 to 1958. In 1959, when her husband was appointed as a judge to the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, Alexander continued to practice law until her retirement in 1982. She later died  in 1989 in Philadelphia.

Customer Service Is Where It All Begins - 1753 Words

Customer service is where it all begins. It is from the moment of meeting a customer to the moment of saying goodbye. Customer service is the root to a successful business and one of the most important aspects. However, most businesses, of all kinds, lack good customer service and lacking good customer service can hurt a business in many ways. I am employed at David’s Bridal in Baton Rouge and have heard of many customer complaints. My solution to this problem takes three steps. When hiring, an interviewer should look for extensive experience in customer service, followed by very frequent customer service training among employees, and finally giving an incentive to employee for having good customer service and encourage them to continue.†¦show more content†¦The problem is employees are not going the extra mile to help their customers throughout the whole experience and process. (Kauffman) Every business relies on their customers coming back. Without brides, bridal go wns are not being sold. If employees cannot treat customers with half the attention they deserve, then there is a problem. The cause of bad customer service comes from employees not caring or being passionate. To some employees at David’s Bridal it is just a second job. Most people do not have a good tolerance for the energy it takes to be there one hundred perfect for their customer. Customers often have a short tolerance for patience and are not always very forgiving. Customer complaints can arrive from something a customer saw and or heard that they did not like. This can mean seeing employees look or act unprofessional or from an employee being rude and unhelpful. â€Å"’If we would treat customers like we would normally treat guests in our house, we d have a lot more business,’ West said.† (Jones) Another cause of bad customer service comes from the hiring process. There is a lack of clearness on the vision and expectations for the new employee. The problem can also root from new employees not seeing good examples from employees who have been at the company for some time. Sometimes new employees see current employees doing things they should not be doing and that will cause new employees to already slack. Not having good role

Beginnings Free Essays

All great things In life start with an even greater beginning. When I was 12 years old I Joined my first competitive swim team; I swam for the downtown Suffolk YMCA. At first I only swam because of all of my friends that swam and I wanted to spend more time with them, but then realized how much more potential I had In swimming. We will write a custom essay sample on Beginnings or any similar topic only for you Order Now After that moment I started to become more and more dedicated to swimming. I began to realize the true competitive nature of swimming and I liked it. Swimming has become a big part of my life since then and the beginning is the most important part to all good decisions. I first started swimming to be with friends and to make new friends. After we were on the same team we started to challenge each other and race one another to see who was the fastest. That’s how I began to see the competitive nature of swimming. Nick Burton and Joey Kauffman are two guys I started racing me near the beginning of my swimming career and I still race them now to get better. My family always supported me when I went to my meets. My brother would be swimming In the same meet, he could be In the next event, but he always took time to cheer for me; Then, I started to do the same for him. My mom Is the only reason could even do swimming, without her I would never have had a ride to any practices. Karen Keenan was my first coach on ODDS; she is the reason I am where I am at today. The first team I ever joined the YMCA cancelled the entire swimming team program. I had a choice put in front of me: stop sports all together, Join ODDS, or find another mediocre swim team. I chose to Join ODDS; ODDS stands for Old Dominion Aquatic Club. Once I joined ODDS I began to practice more and more. I spent more and more and more energy on practices and I could feel myself getting better, so it was equivalent to a new beginning in my eyes. I was more prepared to race on a higher level and I wanted to. After I got my first tastes of true competition, all I wanted was more of It. I began to practice harder than I ever had before In order to get to the next level. The next level for me was to get 3 state championship time standards and make It to the high performance group. Once I made t there I did not stop I still wanted to get better and try my hardest; there is always a higher goal. My next goal was to make national standards; I did not stop there, my new goal is to make the US Open and race against the top athletes in this country. In Conclusion, Swimming is one of my greatest achievements; I only made it this far because of how I began in swimming. Beginnings are one of the most important parts of beginning something new, along with Influential people, A lot of dedication, and a strive to do more than you ever have before. Those key factors are the reasons some people get so good at what they do. Just always remember, Beginnings are Important. Beginnings By loggias All great things in life start with an even greater beginning. When I was 12 years more time with them, but then realized how much more potential I had in swimming. Supported me when I went to my meets. My brother would be swimming in the same meet, he could be in the next event, but he always took time to cheer for me; Then, I started to do the same for him. My mom is the only reason I could even do swimming, The first team I ever Joined the YMCA cancelled the entire swimming team Aquatic Club. Once I Joined ODDS I began to practice more and more. I spent more After I got my first tastes of true competition, all I wanted was more of it. I began to practice harder than I ever had before in order to get to the next level. The next level for me was to get 3 state championship time standards and make it to the high important. How to cite Beginnings, Papers

The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate Essay Example For Students

The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate Essay The Functions and History of the Roman SenateIn todays modern world representative government is the norm. Nearly all governments are ruled by their citizens via a republic or some other type of governing body. However, in the ancient world, this standard of democratic government had not yet taken hold; political control still belonged to the few elite, rich, and powerful persons and influential families. Thus, we have a contrast between governments of the ancient world and our modern day governments. In other words, the past generally denotes monarchy, empire, or absolute control. While modern government usually implies republic, voting, or democratic control. However, an analysis of Roman government reveals that it does not exactly fit purely into either mold of government. It was a mixture of many elements, democratic, monarchial, and aristocratic. The purpose of this report will be to provide a general overview of the structure, power, and function of one component of the Roman g overnment- that is, the Roman Senate. Also, this paper will serve to provide a historical context for the Senate, including both the origins and demise of this governmental body and will discuss the issues of class conflict as it related to the Senates power and jurisdiction. We will write a custom essay on The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There were three main components of the Roman Republic. The first of which represents the monarchial element surviving from when Rome had a king (this will be discussed in greater length and detail below). Two magistrates or consuls had ultimate civil and military authority. The two consuls held their office for one year (they were elected by Roman citizens) and then after their term had expired, entered the Senate for life. Each consul could veto the actions of the other, thus serving as a check for one individual gaining too much political power and therefore prevented (at least temporarily) the Republic from being undermined by a potential dictator. Their primary duties included leading the army, serving as judges, and having ceremonial religious duties. The next governmental institution, which represented the democratic element of the Roman Republic, are the Assemblies. These Assemblies were theoretically made up of all adult male Romans (the only exception is that they had to be present at the meetings). Their primary functions were the annual elections of consuls, approving or rejecting laws, and deciding issues of war and peace. One great flaw of this body was that the wealthier citizens voted first and thereby had a great influence on how the rest of the Assembly voted. Finally, we come to the focus of this report, that is, the Roman Senate. The Senate represented the aristocratic and elitist element of Roman government and was a collection of patrician citizens (the patrician/plebian conflict will be described in more depth later) who served as the legislative branch of the government as well as an advisory body. In the beginning of the Republic, the Senate contained 300 members, the members themselves were chosen from the patrician class, ex-consuls, and other officers who served for life. By the time that Julius Caesar gained power, the Senate’s membership had increased to nearly 800 people. Despite having a mostly advisory role, by the 3rd Century BC the Senate had been able to increase its influence and power. Some of the powers that it gained were that it prepared legislation to be put before the Assembly, it administered finances, dealt for foreign affairs, and supervised the official state religions. However, despite its increase in p ower, the Senate did not have the power to make laws, by only issue decrees known as Decreta or Senatus Consulta, which basically served as official recommendations and while they carried some weight, they still had no actual binding and legal authority. Another interesting aspect of the Roman Senate was that Senators received no pay for their services as government officials. During the republic, the most important activity for the small group of patrician families that controlled the Senate was the pursuit of political power for themselves, their family, and friends. A senator was expected to greet everyone warmly and by name, and was actually assisted by a slave called a nomenclator whose duty it was to memorize names and help identify people. .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .postImageUrl , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:hover , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:visited , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:active { border:0!important; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:active , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Modern Macbeth EssayMeetings of the Senate were attended by the Senators themselves and magistrates (the consul for example) only. However, the public could gather by the open doors of the Senate. The meetings took place in the Curia Hostilia in the northwest corner of the Forum, but they could take place at any public place within the city limits of Rome. Senators sat on benches known as subselli, which ran down the long sides of the building, in no fixed order. The Senate met daily, and Senators were allowed to address the Senate on matters pertaining to state or foreign affairs. In fact, a main activity of the Senate was the debate of issues and many of the early sena tors were great orators and we have their words preserved for us today by contemporary historians. Cato the Censor, Cicero, and others sometimes swayed the opinion of the entire population of Rome with their fine rhetoric and persuasive arguments. The history of the Roman Senate goes back to before there was an accurate written history for Rome. The Senate was composed of leading citizens who were members of the original aristocratic families in the old Monarchy. The original purpose of this group was to advise the King. This worked well during the first two centuries of Rome’s existence when Rome was little more than a city-state built on seven hills and ruled by a king. The Senate originally had one hundred members chosen from amongst the Patrician class but the early kings soon increased its size to three hundred members. After the expulsion of the last king, Tarquinius Superbus, in 509 BC the Senate formed the main governing body of the Roman Republic. The two consuls, who took the place of the old monarchy, used the Senate as their official advisors and aristocratic (Plebian) supporters. This is the beginning of the Republic, and hence, Senatorial power and domination of the Roman GovernmentThe next series of event s that proved to be historically important regarding the Roman Senate occurred during 133 and 27 BC. During this time, the Republic was engaged in a constant series of civil wars, making up what many refer to as the Roman Revolution. Part of the reason for this was because during the Punic and Macedonian wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC Rome had annexed Spain, Macedonia, Greece, the East, and North Africa. Thus Rome had come to control a vast empire and the Republic with its two consuls, Senate, and small group of magistrates was not an adequate government for an empire of the size. In other words the Roman Republic was a form of government that worked well with a city-state or even a group of powerful city-states in control of a region, not a good government for maintaining a large empire (for this and because of this the empire would eventually rise)By 133 BC Roman politics had become extremely divided around two different factions in the Senate. The first group was the suppor ters of the aristocracy, the patricians, who supported the wealthy senatorial class. The other group trying to get political power was interested in the interest of the plebeians and known as the Populares. The Populares demanded the redistribution of land to peasants as well as a reform of the voting procedure. The struggle between these two factions resulted in civil war when the Senate ordered the assassination of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC. Gracchus had been elected as a high ranking magistrate and had proposed a law that would divide the land and give it to the plebian citizens of Rome. The Senate, looking out for the interests of the patricians, stopped such a law from being passed and killed Gracchus and 300 of his followers. Following this incident, Gaius Gracchus, Tiberius’ brother took up the cause that his brother had fought for. He demanded that the Senate’s power should be lessened, the military pay rates should be increased, and give free grain to the ci tizens of Rome. The Senate would not even consider such action so they declared martial law. Because of this, riots broke out and 3000 Populares, along with Gaius, were killed. From this point on, the corruption of the Senate was obvious and the respect of the Senate by the citizens severely declined. This was the first blow to the Senate that would eventually bring about the end of the Republic. .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .postImageUrl , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:hover , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:visited , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:active { border:0!important; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:active , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Neanderthal EssayThe early years of the 1st BC the long period of civil war that began with the struggle mentioned above reached a climax with Octavian’s defeat of Marcus Antonius at the Battle of Actium in 31 B. C. During that period, the Senate steadily lost power to the imperators, or generals of large Roman armies who controlled the government. In 27 B. C., the Senate voluntarily gave much of its power to Octavian, whom they had given the title of Augustus Caesar. While most of the early emperors tried to involve the Senate in the governing process and actively sought its counsel, most of the Senate’s real power was gone by the reign of Tiberius. Thus, th e Battle of Actium marketed the end of the Roman Republic and consequently, the end of the Roman Senate’s power. Rome is said to have had at one point during its history a republic, this is true, but it was definitely a limited one. For example, in theory, all citizens of Rome could vote for the Senators and serve in the Assembly. However, all citizens does not imply all people. Far from this democratic-sounding system, the only people considered to be full citizens were everyone in Rome with the exception of women, slaves, foreigners, those living in the provinces, and the plebeians. Obviously, this was an incredible portion of the population that was not technically citizens, and thus, a huge segment of the population deprived of political rights or representation. Despite the inherent un-democratic system present in Republican Rome, one cannot say that its contributions to our modern ideas of democracy were insignificant. Quite to the contrary, examples of the Roman Senate’s influence can be found right here in our own government. For example the upper house in our legislative branch is called the ‘senate’, our republic was also established by a constitution (as was the Roman’s), the president (our modern ‘consuls’) is also advised by and is subject to our own senate, and America’s founding fathers drew extensively on Roman theories and models of government when deciding how to establish our present system. The ancient Roman Senate’s connection to the modern world is obvious, and its modern day significance is as well. The influence of the Roman Senate is just one example of how the ancient Roman’s society has affected nearly all spheres of modern life. Government Essays

Easy on the adjectives - Emphasis

Easy on the adjectives Easy on the adjectives New research suggests that if you want your writing to be shared online then overusing adjectives is not wise, advisable, judicious, big or clever. [Mental note: should probably edit this.] The findings come from social media scientist Dan Zarrella, who aims in his book Zarrellas Hierarchy of Contagiousness to demystify social media marketing for the masses. After examining how often online content was shared, he came to one definite conclusion: the less complex the language, the more likely it was to be passed on. And, after studying which types of words were the most mobile, he found the biggest no-nos were adjectives and adverbs. This is actually a good tip for just about any writing. Its easy to imagine that cramming in adjectives will give your writing colour or help create more vivid images in your readers mind. But more often than not they do just the opposite, and merely add clutter that slows your reader down. Fledgling fiction writers are taught to adopt the lotus position and chant the mantra show, dont tell over and over until their posture is perfect and they never want to overdo the adjectives and adverbs again. But this advice evidently isnt only for creative writing. Its much better to choose verbs (the most-shared word type) and nouns that work hard, rather than using adjectives or adverbs as crutches for your writing to hobble along on. The finished piece will be tighter and more expressive for it. For example, instead of ran quickly, how about sprinted? Or bounded? See how either could replace the phrase, but each gives a very different and more distinct mental image? Sometimes adjectives are simply redundant. Forward planning, for example. Is anyone out there still planning what to do yesterday? Have a look at these (genuine) examples and spot the pointless words: Teen dies after fatal stabbing Gunned down by armed rebels A visual treat for the eyes Ill-chosen adjectives can also lead to unintentional silliness (which can be delightful for everyone but the writer): Stiff opposition expected to casket-less funeral plan Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after age 25 This isnt to say that all adjectives should be banned on pain of death. Mark Twain put it nicely, if youll forgive the adverb: When you catch an adjective, kill it. No, I dont mean utterly, but kill most of them then the rest will be valuable. They weaken when they are close together. They give strength when they are wide apart. Perhaps its worth thinking of them like magnets: repellent together, useful kept apart, and not recommended anywhere near computers.

Biography of James K. Polk, 11th US President

Biography of James K. Polk, 11th US President James K. Polk was president during the Mexican American War and the era of Manifest Destiny. Learn more about the 11th president of the United States. James K. Polks Childhood and Education James K. Polk was born on November 2, 1795, in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He moved with his family at the age of ten to Tennessee. He was a sickly youth who suffered from gallstones. Polk did not begin his formal education until 1813 at the age of 18. By 1816, he entered the University of North Carolina and graduated with honors in 1818. He decided to enter politics and also was admitted to the bar. Family Ties Polks father was Samuel, a planter and landowner who was also a friend of  Andrew Jackson. His mother was  Jane Knox. They had been married on Christmas Day in 1794. His mother was a staunch Presbyterian. He had five brothers and four sisters, many of whom died young. On January 1, 1824, Polk married Sarah Childress. She was  well-educated and wealthy. While first lady, she banned dancing and liquor from the White House. Together, they had no children. James K. Polks Career Before the Presidency Polk had focused on politics his whole life. He was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1823-25). From 1825-39, he was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives including serving as its speaker from 1835-39. He was a great ally and supporter of Andrew Jackson. From 1839-41, Polk became Governor of Tennessee. Becoming President In 1844, the Democrats were having a difficult time getting the necessary 2/3 of the vote to nominate a candidate. On the 9th ballot, James K. Polk who had only been considered as a Vice Presidential candidate was nominated. He was the first dark-horse nominee. He was opposed by Whig candidate Henry Clay. The campaign centered around the idea of annexation of Texas which Polk supported and Clay opposed. Polk received 50% of the popular vote and won 170 out of 275 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments as President James K. Polks  time in office was eventful. In 1846, he agreed to fix the boundary of the Oregon territory at the 49th parallel. Great Britain and the United States disagreed about who claimed the territory. The Oregon Treaty meant that Washington and  Oregon  would be a territory of the U.S. and Vancouver would belong to Great Britain. Much of Polks time in office was taken up with the  Mexican War  which lasted from 1846-1848. The annexation of Texas which had taken place at the end of  John Tylers time in office hurt relations between Mexico and America. Further, the border between the two countries was still disputed. The U.S. felt that the border should be set at the Rio Grande River. When Mexico would not agree, Polk prepared for war. He ordered General  Zachary Taylor  to the area. In April 1846, Mexican troops fired on the U.S. troops in the area. Polk used this to push forward a Declaration of War against Mexico. In February 1847, Taylor was able to defeat the Mexican army led by  Santa Anna. By March 1847, U.S. troops occupied Mexico City. Concurrently in January 1847, Mexican troops were defeated in California. In February 1848, the  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo  was signed  ending the war. By this treaty, the border was fixed at the Rio Grande. By this means, the U.S. gained California and Nevada amongst other present-day territories amounting to over 500,000 square miles of land. In exchange, the U.S. agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for the territory. This agreement reduced the size of Mexico to half of its former size. Post Presidential Period Polk had announced before taking office that he would not seek a second term. He did retire at the end of his term. However, he did not live much past that date. He died only three months later, possibly from Cholera. Historical Significance After Thomas Jefferson, James K. Polk increased the size of the United States more than any other president through the acquisition of California and New Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War. He also claimed Oregon Territory after a treaty with England. He was a key figure in Manifest Destiny. He was also an extremely effective leader during the Mexican-American War. He is considered to be the best one-term president.

Why Did Vietminh and NLF Win the Vietnam War Essay

Why Did Vietminh and NLF Win the Vietnam War - Essay Example Unfortunately, the Vietnamese side of the conflict is persistently disregarded. Why and how the Vietminh and National Liberation won the Vietnam War remains obscured from the public. Nevertheless, the success of the Vietminh and the NLF during the Vietnam War can hardly be overestimated. The party and the Liberation Front greatly contributed to the success of the political and military operations against the United States. That the Communists won the Vietnam War was both remarkable and unbelievable: active propaganda, local support, sophisticated military strategies and the undisputable leadership capacity of Ho Chi Minh altogether laid the groundwork for advancing the victory of the Communists during the Vietnam War. It should be noted, that the fact of the Communist victory during the Vietnam War remains one of the most remarkable elements of modern history. Needless to say, before and even during the Vietnam conflict, the United States could not even suspect that the Vietnamese co mmunists would have a chance to outperform Americans, in all senses. Andrew Jon Rotter writes that â€Å"the most significant fact about the Vietnam conflict is not that the United States lost but that the Communists won† (180). In this sense, the most confusing is the fact that the main factors responsible for the Communists’ victory during the Vietnam War often remain beyond the scope of historical analyses. One possible reason is that, for many years, the United States did not want to shed light on the Vietnam War controversies that could affect its political image. It is also possible that more than one factor was responsible for the Communists’ victory, making the overall historical analysis extremely complicated. It is widely established that not the errors made by the United States in Vietnam but the actions made by Washington’s adversaries in Hanoi were at the heart of the Communists’ military and political achievements in Vietnam (Rotter 1 80). From the very beginning to the very end of the war, an interplay of factors created conditions needed to support Vietnam in its fight against the U.S. These factors included political propaganda, local support, effective military strategies, and the unprecedented authority and leadership of Ho Chi Minh. Historically, the Vietminh was created by one of the most outstanding Vietnamese leaders, Ho Chi Minh, in 1945 (Spartacus International). Later, in 1960, the National Liberation Front (NLF) was established (Moise). It is interesting, that the NLF was initially established with the goal of leading the guerilla against Vietnam’s Prime Minister Diem (Moise). South Vietnamese professionals, including artists, youth leaders and peasants, organized the NLF (Levy 19). At that time, the growing corruption in the country and the lack of positive political and economic changes raised the wave of public dissatisfaction with the prime minister’s actions and decisions. That was also the time when the NLF could not yet anticipate that it would play a crucial role in the Communists’ victory over the U.S. Political propaganda became one of the most important factors driving the NLF’s popularity and the public opposition to the actions of the U.S. in Vietnam. It is no secret that the NLF propagandists were well trained to work with the local population. Propaganda schools were scattered widely across the Southern regions of Vietnam, which helped to spread the NLF’s ideology against the United States (Friedman). The public messages sent to the local people were full of optimist about the future victory over the

Invasive Species Position Paper Grading Rubric Essay

Invasive Species Position Paper Grading Rubric - Essay Example Later these AHBs were found in Arizona, California and Southern parts of United States. AHBs are more adaptable to tropical regions where the abundance of flora is dependent on unpredictable rainfall. As an adaptability to this factor AHBs they frequently swarm to new habitats, reproduce rapidly with shorter developmental life cycles and survive even on sparse supplies of pollen and nectar. Economic threat: Essential need for honey bees to pollinate crops as well as honey production is the matter of great economic concern. Americans are known to consume about 275 million pounds of honey every year. In this context AHBs produce less honey and wax when compared to EHBs. They also produce less wax affecting the manufacture of candles, polish and floor wax. Due to frequent swarming and extensive hive abandoning nature they are less preferred in managed beekeeping industry. Ecological threat: i) They compete and displace local EHBs and other pollinators for nectar and pollen. ii) AHBs invade EHB hive and are capable of upsurging the hive and replacing the EHB queen. In a single generation the EHB matriline is eliminated and the entire EHB hive being Africanized (DeGrandi-Hoffman 2006). iii) Studies of DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA 2004) have shown that when EHB queens were inseminated with equal proportions of African and European drone sperms, the EHB queen preferred African sperms, producing on an average of about 70% AHB offspring. These factors may eventually decrease the abundance of other bee species which affects pollen harvest and reduce EHB progeny. Social threat: AHBs are more aggressive and sting in greater number on less provocation and respond to any disturbances such as loud noises, strong odors around the hive. They are able to sense threat within 100ft and track upto 1/4th a mile. A sting of a single bee releases a pheromone which stimulates other bees to agitate and attack. The sting of AHBs is know to cause anaphylactic shock. The venom of the bee triggers the release of histamine which can lead to vasodilation and loss of blood pressure. If the condition is not reversed within short time it may lead to death of the person due to shock. Methods of control AHBs are better pollinators when compared to EHBs as they emphasize on brood rearing and growth of the colony rather than honey production. Hence their complete elimination is not a wise option. Agricultural Research Service scientists along with groups like the American Beekeeping Federation, the American Honey Producers Association and the Apiary Inspectors of America have been entrusted with the job of finding the solution to the problem of AHBs in US. Two popular basic methods of control are i) Drone flooding: By limiting the possibility of Africanized drones mating with Europeans queens where commercial reared queen bee has a chance to mate with common honey bees. ii) Requeening: replacing queen of

Swot Analysis In Terms Of Strength Marketing Essay

Swot Analysis In Terms Of Strength Marketing Essay PapaRich is a moderm kopitiam that serves quality coffee and asian delicacies at affordable Malaysian prices. PappaRich kopitiam has multiplied from one kopitiam to 41 shops around Malaysia, one in Hong Kong and one in Singapore. Thailand would be a good market for PappaRich to enter because Thailands GDP by sectors show as high as 45% for service industry. This clearly shows us that PappaRich can invest in Thailand to serve the community with Malaysian authentic, classic, and timeless kopitiam meals. Using the SWOT analysis, in terms of strength, the PappaRich serves the community with Malaysians kopitiam meals with affordable prices with a classic coffee shop ambience. In terms of opportunities, economically the GDP and inflation rate has been steadily increasing in recent years. Interest rate fell sharply due to the US financial crisis. The Thai Baht appreciated against MYR and a result of that, the revenue generated in Thailand comparatively to the Malaysian Ringgit would be higher. The weakness for PappaRich to go into Thailand which is the food that PappaRich is serving might not be accepted by the locals. Besides that, the threats to the company are the political instability due to street protests. PappaRichs success as of today is due to its successful differentiation business level strategy to set them apart from other companies from the same FB industry. PappaRich focuses on the quality of their product and keeping it consistent throughout all their outlets. Furthermore, the ambience is what captivated the consumers and made them regular customers in PappaRich. The best way for PappaRich to enter the Thailand market is the franchising market entry strategy. To become a successful FB franchisors that can go nation, PappaRich (the franchisee) can sell the franchisors trade mark, product or services, or trade name and benefits from the franchisors help and support in Thailand market. In return, the franchisee from Thailand need to pays an initial fee to PappaRich and then a percentage of the sales revenue. In cultural analysis, there are five areas to be concerned, the cultural analysis of Thailand and Malaysia is shown respectively; PDI 64;104, IDV 20;26. MAS 34;50, UAI 64;36, LTO 56. This is further elaborated in the pages to come. 2.0 Introduction Many years ago, to enjoy a classic kopitiam meal in Malaysia, such as half-boiled eggs, toasted bread with kaya and butter, and a cup of coffee, one will have to travel many miles back to their hometown. Kopitiam is a traditional breakfast and coffee shop found in South East Asia. Since the establishment of PappaRich in 2006, one need not go the distance. PappaRich is a modern kopitiam that serves quality coffee and asian delicacies at affordable Malaysian prices. In four years, the string of PappaRich kopitiams have multiplied from one kopitiam in Selayang Mall to 41 shops around Malaysia, one in Hong Kong and one in Singapore. It has emerged as a formidable player in the local and food beverage chain. PappaRichs philosophy is to serve authentic, classic and timeless kopitiam meals, the traditional Malaysian style where the locals can mix and mingle in the ambience of a relaxing atmosphere with a sense of belonging. In Thailand, PappaRich intends to serve the Thai community the same philosophy it currently serves the Malaysian community. As there are not many kopitiams in Thailand that serves authentic Malaysian coffeeshop-styled cuisine, PappaRich intends to venture into Thailand by becoming one of the pioneers in serving the authentic Malaysian coffeeshop-styled cuisine. As seen in the diagram on the left, the services industry holds a 45% stake of the total market share for GDP composition in Thailand. Examples of the services industry include the tourism sector and the FB sector. Due to the high stake of the services industry in Thailands GDP percentage, investing in PappaRich in Thailand may be a wise investment choice. Furthermore, potential customers from the tourism sector would be an added advantage to the company into raking in more potential revenue. 3.0 Situation Analysis 3.1 SWOT Analysis 3.2 Strengths As mentioned in the introduction, PappaRichs philosophy is to to serve authentic, classic and timeless kopitiam meals, the traditional Malaysian style where the locals can mix and mingle in the ambience of a relaxing atmosphere with a sense of belonging. This concept is a major strength in branding the kopitiam brand in Thailand as there arent many affordable restaurants in Thailand that serve traditional kopitiam meals. This places PappaRich as one of the pioneers into introducing the cuisine to the Thai locals. Furthermore, it will further strengthen its reputation as being one of the most original and authentic kopitiam in Thailand. Another major strength of the company is its emphasis on clientele service. In the FB industry, it is important to note that service is one of the main priorities in differentiating a good restaurant and a bad one. Thus, PappaRich places much emphasis on its clientele service to not only lure first-time or one-time customers but reoccurring customers, over and over again. 3.3 Weaknesses A major setback that hinders the kopitiam business into the Thai market is the different taste buds between the Thai and Malaysians. Only the adventurous ones may venture out of their comfort zone into eating Malaysian kopitiam cuisine. Furthermore, street food is popular and cheap in Thailand, thus the locals may not be very willing to pay extra for Malaysian food. Besides that, PappaRich and the kopitiam concept is a rather new brand in the region, and thus may acquire more time to be familiarised by the locals. Also, the management style used in Malaysia may not be applicable to the culture of the locals and thus, new management style may have to be devised to suit the employees in Thailand. 3.4 Opportunities and Threats In recent years, Thailand has been politically unstable due to street protests and riots. It is important to note that such political instability is a major disadvantage to the business. This is because, the employees of the company may engage themselves into the protests that halts production and services of the restaurant. Furthermore, a demonstration will hinder potential customers from leaving their homes to eat out as they may fear for their safety. An improvement of technology has both pros and cons to the setting up of the new company. It can improve the cooking standards of the restaurant as better kitchen equipments are purchased to monitor the quality of the food. Furthermore, improvement of the equipments may reduce cooking time that increases efficiency. In time, more customers can be served and profit can be increased. However so, an improvement in technology can bring about an increase in capital cost due to expensive kitchen equipments. As seen in the graph above, the GDP rate of Thailand has been steadily increasing in the last couple of years. However, during the US financial crisis in 2009, there has been a slight fall in GDP. It may be wise to hold back the venturing of the business into Thailand for a couple of months to ensure the stability of the market. During the 2009 US financial crisis, the inflation rate went negative, to as low as -4 showing a shrink of the economy. However so, in 2010, Thailand has begun to pick up the pace and shows that there has been a boost in the economy. As the consumers expectation and confidence is strengthened, Papparich can start investing into Thailand. Unemployment rate has been steadily decreasing over the years. As unemployment falls, more people in the community will have income to spend on goods. As such, it is a good idea to invest into Thailand. Hopefully, when the company decides to invest in the country, there will be people to be employed as staffs. A fall in interest rates in recent years is an advantage as we can apply for loans at low interest rates to set up restaurants in the country. This will encourage more franchising options. Comparitively, the Baht rose 0.115% against the MYR. There are both pros and cons to this situation. Pro, the revenue generated in Thailand comparitively to the MYR would be higher and the con, more money will have to be pumped into Thailand to set up the restaurant, comparitively to the MYR 4.0 Business Level Strategy In order to measure the feasibility of Thailand as a strategic location for expansion, we have to look into the business level strategy of PappaRich. Every organization has a competitive strategy to plan how it will compete in its business and this applies to PappaRich as well. PappaRich is a food beverages (FB) industry that focuses on serving quality authentic traditional Malaysian delicacies at affordable prices and that is their competitive advantage and what sets them apart other regular kopitiam. Aside from that, the ambience of PappaRich has also been one of their greatest assets as the decorated surroundings are chilling and hence many people would choose to go to PappaRich to enjoy one of their specialty; coffee made from locally roasted coffee bean while catching up with friends and family. Theyre also located everywhere as they have over 41 outlets in Malaysia as of today and this brings great convenience to their customers as the nearest outlet is just around the neighbourhood. This is PappaRichs aim in their investment into the Thai market as well that people would have a pleasant experience every time they set foot in PappaRich. With Michael Porters five forces model, managers can determine and control the rules of completion and create a sustainable competitive advantage. Firstly, PappaRich is an FB industry with barrier to entry; PappaRich must comply with the standard set by the Thai government in its policy, the high level of capital needed for investment may be hard to acquire as the result of the recent US financial crisis and also the brand identity may be unknown to most consumers as it is new in the market. Furthermore, economies of scale may also be another barrier to entry for PappaRich as existing companies in Thailand enjoys low cost of production due to this factor and there is no way PappaRich could compete with them in short term period. If PappaRich were to venture into the Thai market, it might face substitute companies such Hailam Kopitiam, Station 1 caf and Old Town Kopitiam and Madam Kwan which are also strong growing FB companies with similar business concept that may also be trying to expand internationally to Thailand as well. Not to mention, the substitute companies that are already in Thailand such as Coffee Bean and Starbucks. However, in terms of bargaining power, many consumers would choose PappaRich over Starbucks for coffee as the price is more affordable in PappaRich. The supplier also plays an important role in determining the feasibility of PappaRich as a good investment opportunity in Thailand as supplier determines the cost of operating and this will affect the total profit of the business. PappaRich can get their supply of raw material from suppliers such as President Rice Products Public Co. Ltd, Siam Future Farm and Exotic Food Co. Ltd. Lastly, the current rivalries that are already in Thailand would also affect the profitability of PappaRich if it were to venture into Thailand as it is a very competitive industry and the competitions are intense. In terms of the target market of PappaRich, it would target the middle income group of consumers as the prices are moderate. It would not fully use the cost leadership strategy which refers to the basis of having the lowest cost in the industry as there are many other companies that have comparable price ranges with PappaRich. Also, PappaRich is a contemporary classy type of coffee shop with required standard of decoration which further increase their cost and this doesnt comply with the low cost leader strategy. In fact, PappaRichs success as of today is due of its successful differentiation strategy to set them apart from other companies from the same FB industry. PappaRich focus on the quality of their product and keeping it consistent throughout all their outlets. Furthermore, the ambience is what captivated the consumers and made them regular customers in PappaRich. 5.0 Market Entry Strategy Expanding a company to new market can increase the sale, brand awareness and achieve business stability. To entering new market, we need to study the size of the country, number of opportunities and sheer geographical size. Besides that a proper market entry strategy requires market research so to give us a vision about the existence opportunity, understand the competitive landscape and see who are our potential customers. Foreign market entry can be done via four mechanisms which are exporting, licensing, joint venture, and franchising. Exporting is the most traditional way to go into foreign market by direct sale of the domestic-products to the country. This can be done through an export intermediary such as commissioned agents and trading companies. Exporting do not require the goods or product must be produce in the target country therefore there is no necessary to invest in foreign facilities. PappaRich is a FB business through serving Malaysian Traditional Delight at their outlets cafe. This mechanism is not suitable for PappaRich extend to Thailand because they are providing service but not produce goods. Licensing is an essential permit to enter a new market. A license is a legal contract to run a business. The licensee is about to pay a fee of exchange for the right to use the property of licensor such as trademarks , patents , and production techniques . For PappaRich, the licensing support comes in the form of outlet setup, outlets designs, menu and recipe of PappaRich, chef and waiters training by experienced Pappa licensing trainers. Joint venture is a legal entity formed when two parties equally invest in terms of money,time and effort on the same project. Basically joint venture happen when one individual want to extend his business to nation while he has no enough of capital to do so and need to find a partner from the target country to run the project together. The joint venture may be an easier first-step for PappaRich to extend to Thailand before go to franchising. PappaRich can reduce the entry risk by using Thailand partners assets through joint venture. Besides, the inadequate knowledge of legal environment can be solve. Through joint venture, PappaRich can start the business at little or no costs. Franchising is another form of licensing. Franchise occurs when the franchisor grants a licence to the franchisee to use their business idea. To become a successful FB franchisors that can go nation, Papparich (the franchisee) can sell the franchisors trade mark, product or services, or trade name and benefits from the franchisors help and support in Thailand market. In return, the franchisee from Thailand need to pays an initial fee to PappaRich and then a percentage of the sales revenue. In a conclusion, we found that franchising is the best way for PappaRich to go into Thailand market as Papparich is FB industry which gives servicing to community. 6.0 Cultural analysis Diagram 1 Country PDI IDV MAS UAI LTO Malaysia 104 26 50 36 Thailand 64 20 34 64 56 Table 1 6.1 Power Distance Index (PDI) Hofstedes PDI measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations accept and expect that power is distributed unequally (Geert HofstedeCultural dimensions). On the scale, Malaysia has a score of 104 and Thailand 64. Thailand does not have a large gap between the wealthy and the poor, but have a strong belief in equality for each citizen. Thailand has the opportunity to rise in society compared to Malaysia. Malaysian employees see their managers as being far more superior to them and perceive them as unapproachable. This attitude gives the managers a sense of superiority and empowerment. In Thailand however, people view themselves more as equals hence there is a lot more communication between the employees and managers. 6.2 Individualism Individualism is the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups (Geert HofstedeCultural dimensions). Thailands and Malaysias IDV is at 20 and 26 respectively. A low score, as Thailand and Malaysia has, indicates the society is more of a collectivist than an individualist. This manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, is that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. Therefore in Individualism, it can be said that Thailand and Malaysia stands almost the same. Employees in both countries are very team orientated; therefore the managers do not need to make any changes. 6.3 Masculinity Masculinity versus its opposite, femininity refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. Thailand has the lowest masculinity ranking among the Asian countries listed at 34, while Malaysia is listed at 50, compared to the Asian average of 53 and the World average of 50. This lower level is indicative of a society with less assertiveness and competitiveness, as compared to one where these values are considered more important and significant. This situation also reinforces more traditional male and female roles within the population. Therefore it can be said that Malaysia is doing better than Thailand in terms of assertiveness and competitiveness. Thailand should improve in this area in order to continue to compete. Malaysians tend to be a bit more to being assertive and aggressive while Thai employees are more laid back and more accepting of feminine traits. Therefore managers from Thailand have to be stricter in order for their employees to be more efficient. 6.4 Uncertainty avoidance index UAI deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to mans search for truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations (Peruvian Attitude On UAI) The UAI indicates the societys low level of tolerance for uncertainty. In an effort to minimize or reduce this level of uncertainty, regulations are adopted and implemented. The ultimate goal of this population is to control everything in order to eliminate or avoid the unexpected. As a result of this high UAI characteristic, the society does not readily accept change and is very risk adverse. The Thailand rank of 64 is slightly higher than the Asian average of 58 while Malaysia is slightly below average of 36. It can be said that Malaysia is doing quite well while Thailand should start to accept change and implement policies to control everything. The Malaysian managers in Thailand will have to change the way they manage their employees and actually put into place more guidelines and rules to get the best out of their Thai employees. 6.5 Long-Term Orientation Long-Term Orientation is the fifth dimension of Hofstede which was added after the original four to try to distinguish the difference in thinking between the East and West, defined as the degree to which one plans for and considers the future, as well as values traditions of the past.( Making Sense of Cross Cultural Communication) Below are some characteristics of the two opposing sides of this dimension: Long term orientation: -persistence -ordering relationships by status and observing this order -thrift -having a sense of shame Short term orientation: -personal steadiness and stability -protecting your face -respect or tradition -reciprocation of greetings, favors, and gifts Thailand measure a middle ranking being listed at 56 while Malaysia has no measures of LTO therefore no comparison can be made between both countries. 7.0 Recommendation Based on both SWOT analysis and Porters competitive force framework, it is the right decision to further the investment of PappaRich Group Sdn. Bhd to Thailand as it has the qualities and potential to penetrate into Thailands market. PappaRich is a modern kopitiam that serves quality coffee and asian delicacies that is currently doing very well in Malaysia. However in Thailand, PappaRich intends to serve the Thai community the same philosophy it currently serves the Malaysian community. As there are not many kopitiams in Thailand that serves authentic Malaysian coffeeshop-styled cuisine, PappaRich intends to venture into Thailand by becoming one of the pioneers in serving the authentic Malaysian coffeeshop-styled cuisine as well as Thailands own authentic delicacies. Setting up a food industry in Thailand is certainly a wise investment as services industry holds a 45% stake of the total market share for GDP composition in Thailand. Besides that Thailand has a lot advance in the improvement of technology, this can improve the cooking standards of the restaurant, and better equipment in the kitchen which will enhance efficiency and improve in the quality of the food and drinks. In addition, after the 2009 US financial crisis, Thailand has begun to pick up the pace and shows that there has been a boost in the economy. As the consumers expectation and confidence is strengthened, Papparich can start investing into Thailand. Based on the cultural analysis by Hofstedes framework, by comparing PDI, IDV, MAS, UAI, and LTO, the employees and managers in Thailand are more team orientated, more laid back and more accepting of feminine traits, and dominant. The type of managers in Thailand will be suitable to handle PappaRich, although they are not perfect, they are trainings available to improve their standards to achieve better efficiency and to increase productivity. PappaRich is slowly being recognised globally as it has build up a good reputation internationally in countries like Singapore and Hong Kong. Referring to the market entry strategy, requires market research so to give us a vision about the existence opportunity, understand the competitive landscape and see who our potential customers are. Foreign market entry can be done via four mechanisms which are exporting, licensing, joint venture, and franchising. The strategies of exporting, licensing, joint venture, and franchising have to be done efficiently in order to enter a new market. Lastly, based on Michael Porters five forces model in the business level strategy, managers can determine and control the rules of completion and create a sustainable competitive advantage. PappaRich is an FB industry with barrier to entry and it requires high level of capital to start up the business. Besides that the brand identity of PappaRich might not be well known in Thailand, it faces substitute companies that are already in Thailand such as Coffee Bean and Starbucks. However, in terms of bargaining power, many consumers would choose PappaRich over Starbucks for coffee as the price is more affordable in PappaRich. The supplier also plays an important role in determining the feasibility of PappaRich as a good investment opportunity in Thailand as supplier determines the cost of operating and this will affect the total profit of the business so maintaining a good relationship with the supplier will definitely give and advantage to the company. The investment to Thailand is a goo d choice as PappaRich focus on the quality of their product and keeping it consistent throughout all their outlets. Furthermore, the ambience has also captivated the consumers and made them regular customers in PappaRich. 8.0 Conclusion After much evaluation from the swot analysis, business level, market entry strategy and the cultural analysis, it is concluded that Thailand is a good choice of investment location for PappaRich to venture into internationally. It can also be one of the pioneers of Malaysian food cuisine in Thailand as there are very few coffee shops that serve authentic Malaysian delights in Thailand as of today. Thailands increasing GDP is also another attraction to investment in Thailand as it shows the stability of the economy and the higher expected return on profit because of the appreciation in Thai Baht against Malaysian Ringgit if PappaRich were to venture into Thailand. Other advantages in investing into Thailand include attracting the locals in Thailand to experience new and different culture and delicacies. Furthermore, this provides Malaysian in Thailand a taste of their hometown within reach. Although there are many advantages in investing in Thailand, there ought to be some setback on the investment too and they are such as the political instability of the country which may hinder the operation of the business if the employees were to go on riot. Moreover, the political situation in Thailand may also cause the consumers to be fearful of leaving the house to dine out as it is unsafe. Lastly, from the uncertainty avoidance index, it has shown that Thailand is rank 64 while average in all other countries are at 58, this means that Thailand is very risk adverse and do not like any changes in their countries so they would have very strict policies and laws regarding foreign investment being parked in their country.

Airfield lighting

Decennial sensors detect movements of aircraft and there vehicles on the ground. The signals from individual lights and sensors are communicated via FALL and are comprehensively visualized for the operators in the tower through an ALAS. FALL enables the controllers to optimize the use of the entire airfield lighting system: through flexible control of each segment of the runway, taxiway and apron circuits, every component and individual lamp is exactly controllable.As such, FALL provides excellent tools to perform control of aircraft ground movements: taxiway routing, Stoppard control, runway incursion detection are now available for the operators in the tower. Safety of air traffic movements and number of slots per day are significantly increased with this modern and reliable control system. Using the power supply series circuit for reliable and high-speed communication between substation and individual lamps, FALL detects and supervises the actual status of each lamp and provides c omplete detailed information to the operational control station.FALL continuously monitors all lamps controlled via the system and identifies a lamp failure immediately, indicating the exact position of the failed lamp. As a result, the need for regular visual inspections is reduced and overall maintenance performance can be improved. In order to prevent collisions on the reside movement area, CIAO prescribes the implementation of an (Advanced) Surface Movement Guidance and Control System) – (A)SMOCKS is a modern control and monitoring system for the guidance of aircraft on the ground.The solutions offered by Siemens Intelligent Traffic Systems Airfield meet all legal and operational requirements in this field of application. Thanks to sophisticated navigational aids for air traffic control, aircraft can take off and land under almost all weather conditions. However, when traffic on the ground is lowed down, high-volume airborne operations are put in Jeopardy: Visibility cond itions of less than mm generally delay aircraft ground movements and reduce the total capacity of the airport.SUMS identifies each aircraft, provides continuous surveillance and monitoring of taxiing traffic; determines conflict-free taxiway routes automatically and uses visual signals to guide aircraft and vehicles reliably. And in case of route deviations, it warns pilots or drivers immediately. The comprehensive SMOCKS control and monitoring functionality provides controllers with tools to enhance airport safety, efficiency and availability – under all visibility conditions.Tower ALAS Airfield Lighting Control and Monitoring Systems Airfield Lighting Control Systems (ALAS) allow air traffic controllers (TACT) to monitor and operate a range of lighting functions from the control tower, at the same time providing them with valuable feedback on the performance status of system lighting equipment. Surface Movement Guidance and Control System CIAO has specified the provision of (advanced) surface movement guidance and control systems (A-)SMOCKS to avoid collisions on the ground. Siemens/DAB is doing its part to help airports to fulfill these requirements.In the late asses the problems of transition from the new precision radio instrument approach aids to the final, visual approach at night or in reduced visibility much exercised civil aviation. Various high-intensity approach lighting systems were developed to ease the transition from instrument to visual flight. In 1949 three competing systems – a British one (the Calvert system), a French one (a form of displaced Calvert system) and an American one (the Slope Line system) were presented to CIAO. Because each system had its supporters among the CIAO members, CIAO ended up recommending that any of the three systems could be adopted.Independently, and before the CIAO decision, DACCA engineers had also been studying the problem of approach lighting and had concluded that the British ‘Calvert' s ystem was superior. A trial installation was installed on Session's Runway 08 toward the end of 1951. This trial proved successful and the system was commissioned for operational use in 1953. The following information about the Calvert cross bar lighting system is based on an article High Intensity Approach Lighting by S W Hart (DACCA Sectional Airways Engineer) which appeared in the Civil Aviation Joanna, the Dacca house publication, Volvo 1, No 3, March 1951.In 1946 Mr. E S Calvert of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Breakthrough, was requested by a UK Ministry of Civil Aviation Airfield Lighting Committee to investigate the problem of approach lighting and establish the general principles involved. Calvert tackled the problem by attempting to ascertain the visual and mental processes by which a pilot lands an aircraft. He then developed a theoretical model by which different lighting systems could be compared, and tested his theoretical results using simulation.Culvert's line of reasoning led him to the conclusion that to provide smooth transition room instrument to visual flying without optical illusions, and to provide sensitive and natural indications which could easily be interpreted by the average pilot, the approach lighting pattern should consist of a centre line of light with horizontal bars basic elements – a line of lights leading to the runway threshold, and horizontal lights to define the attitude of the aircraft. Calvert placed much stress on roll guidance compared with the Americans who, up to that time, had completely neglected it.He was the first to realism that it was easy to confuse lateral displacement with angle of ann.. The Calvert system does not indicate a defined glide path, but the widths of the horizon bars are such that, if a pilot maintains a glide that will take him to the correct touch down point, each bar will appear to be the same width as the previous one as it disappears under the nose of the aircraft. Distance is i ndicated by using single lights in the centre line to indicate 1000 Ft or less from the threshold, double lights for 1000-2000 Ft and triple lights for 2000-3000 Ft.It is interesting to note that the basic form of the Calvert cross bar lighting system still forms the basis for high- intensity approach lighting systems today. Diagrams above: With horizon bars the pilot can see if he is on an even keel (left) or banked right wing down to turn on to the centre line (right). Below: A modified form of the basic High Intensity Approach Lighting system is used on some capital city precision approach (ILLS) runways, in this case on Melbourne/Utilitarian's Runway 27.The main difference is the larger array of lights Just prior to the threshold. Runway Edge Lights are used to outline the edges of runways during periods of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. These light systems are classified according to the intensity they are capable of producing: High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRE) Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MARL) Low Intensity Runway Lights (LIRA) The HIRE and MARL systems have variable intensity controls, whereas the Liars normally have one intensity setting.Runway Edge Lights are white, except on instrument runways where yellow replaces white on the last 2,000 feet or half the runway length, whichever is less, to form a caution zone for landings. The lights marking the ends of the runway emit red light toward the runway to indicate the end of runway to a departing aircraft and emit green outward from the runway end to indicate the threshold to landing aircraft. Lighting (ARC) or Pilot Activated Lighting (PAL), is a technical system by which aircraft pilots can control the lighting of an airport or airfield's, approach lights, runway edge lights, and taxiways via radio.PC systems are most common at non- towered or little-used airfields where it is not economical to light the runways all night every night nor to maintain staff to turn the runway lightin g on and off as needed. PC enables pilots to control the lighting only when they require it, thereby saving electricity and reducing light pollution. If the airfield supports PC, the pilot test the radio to the ARC frequency for the airport, which is often, but not always, the same as the UNISOM/ACTA frequency (e. . Smiths Falls-Montague Airport hosts separate Unisom and ARC frequencies). The systems are then typically operated by performing a series of clicks with the radio microphone talk button. PC systems most often have three settings: Low intensity: Three clicks within seven seconds Medium intensity: Five clicks within seven seconds High intensity: Seven clicks within seven seconds When the lighting system is activated, a 15-minute countdown starts, after which the sights turn off.While the lights are still active, whenever a lighting command is issued, whether it changes the lighting intensity or not, the 15-minute countdown is reset. At some airfields, special lights may bli nk for ten seconds to warn pilots before the lights shut off. When using PC, it is very highly recommended that aircraft on final approach to the airfield issue a fresh lighting command even if the lights are already on (especially if the lights were activated by another aircraft). This is so that the lighting does not go off by surprise at a critical moment (such as when crossing he runway threshold).The Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASS) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway that provides visual descent guidance information during the approach to a runway. These lights may be visible from up to eight kilometers (five miles) during the day and up to 32 kilometers (20 miles) or more at night. Contents [hide] 1 Types 1. 1 Standard VASS 1. 2 API (Precision Approach Path Indicator) 1. 3 PASS' (Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator) 1. 4 Trio-colored VASS 2 Mnemonics 3 Reference 4 See also 5 External links [edit] Types Standard Visual Approach Slope IndicatorBas ic visual approach slope indicators consist of two sets of lights. One set marks the start of the runway, while the other is set up some seven meters (twenty feet) along the runway. Each set of lights is designed so that the lights appear as either white or red, depending on the angle at which the lights are viewed. When the pilot is approaching the lights at the proper angle, meaning he is on the glide slope, the first set of lights appears white and the second set appears red.When both sets appear white, he is flying too high, and when both appear red he is flying too low. This is the cost common type of visual approach slope indicator system. [edit] API (Precision Approach Path Indicator) Main article: Precision Approach Path Indicator Precision Approach Path Indicator consist of four sets of lights in a line perpendicular to the runway, usually mounted to the left side of the runway. These have a similar purpose to basic visual approach slope indicators, but the additional light s serve to show the pilot how far off the glide slope the aircraft is.When the lights show White- White-Red-Red the aircraft is on the correct glide slope for landing, usually 3. 00. Three red lights (White-Red-Red-Red) indicate that the aircraft is slightly below glide slope (2. 80), while four red lights (Red-Red-Red-Red) indicate that the aircraft is significantly below glide slope (3. 50). Most large airports utilize this system. Although most airports use a API based on a 3. 00 glide slope, some airports may use a glide slope as great as 4. 50 in order to have proper obstruction clearance. Edit] PASS' (Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator) This is a single light next to the runway. The signal format is solid white when established on the proper descent profile, and solid red when below the proper scent profile. An actively pulsing red or white light when well above or well below allows the pilot to determine his position in the signal format and what corrective action is n eeded to return to the proper descent profile. [edit] Trio-colored VASS This is a single light that appears amber above the glide slope, green on the glide slope and red below it.It is rarely used, partly because pilots who are unfamiliar with them have been known to misinterpret the lights, causing them to ‘correct' in the wrong direction. [edit] Mnemonics Older Visual Approach Slope Indicator Pilots often use mnemonics to help them remember basic information. In English, the following are common: Red over white, you're all right. White over white, you're out of sight. Alternative: White over white, you'll fly all night. Alternative: White over white, you're high as a kite. Alternative: White over white, you remain in flight. Red over red, you're dead.Alternative: Red over red, watch your head. Also Red red you're dead Red and white you're alright White and white you're as high as a kite Runway End Identifier Lights (REEL) are installed at many airports to provide rapid and p ositive identification of the approach end of a particular runway. The system consists of a pair of synchronized flashing lights located laterally on each side of the runway threshold. Reels may be either unidirectional or unidirectional facing the approach area. They are effective for: Identification of a runway surrounded by a preponderance of other lighting.Identification of a runway which lacks contrast with surrounding terrain. Identification of a runway during reduced visibility. An approach lighting system, or ALLS, is a lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport runway and consists of a series of lighters, strobe lights, or a ambition of the two that extends outward from the runway end. ALLS usually serves a runway that has an instrument approach procedure (PAP) associated with it and allows the pilot to visually identify the runway environment once he or she has arrived at a prescribed point on an approach.The runway lighting is controlled by the air traffi c control tower. At uncontrolled airports, Pilot Controlled Lighting may be installed which can be switched on by the pilot via radio. In both cases, the brightness of the lights can be adjusted for day and night operations. A key ingredient of all Approach Lighting Systems in the US is the Decision Bar. The Decision Bar is always located 1000†² from the threshold, and it serves as a visible horizon to ease the transition from instrument flight to visual flight.It also is situated such that at Decision Altitude, the Decision Bar is Just appearing to pass under the cowling of the plane. Approach Light Systems are designed such that they allow the pilot to quickly and positively identify visibility distances in Instrument meteorological conditions. For example, if the aircraft is at the Middle Marker, and the Middle Marker is located 3600†² from the threshold, the Decision Bar is 2600†² ahead. If the reoccurred calls for at least 1/2 statute mile flight visibility (roug hly 2600†²), spotting the Decision Bar at the marker would indicate enough flight visibility to continue the procedure.In addition, the shorter bars before and after the Decision Bar are spaced either 100†² or 200†² apart depending on the ALLS type. The number of short bars the pilot can see can be used to determine flight visibility. Approaches with lower minimums use the more precision 100†² spacing systems for more accurate identification of visibility. Several ALLS configurations are recognized by the International Civil Aviation Organization (CIAO); however, non-standard ALLS